Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Contents [hide] †¢ 1 Introduction †¢ 2 Water pollution categories o 2.1 Point source pollution o 2.2 Non–point source pollution †¢ 3 Groundwater pollution †¢ 4 Causes of water pollution o 4.1 Pathogens o 4.2 Chemical and other contaminants o 4.3 Thermal pollution †¢ 5 Transport†¦show more content†¦However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source. [edit] Groundwater pollution See also: Hydrogeology Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport model or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. [edit] Causes of water pollution The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese,Show MoreRelatedCauses And Remedies Of Water Pollution1596 Words   |  7 PagesCAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES ABSTRACT Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution. 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The environment, economic growth and development of Bangladesh are all highly influenced by water - its regional and seasonal availability, and the quality of surface and groundwater. Spatial and seasonal availability of surface and groundwater is highly responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of the country. Availability alsoRead MoreWater Pollution Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesWater contamination is groundwater that has lethal chemicals and natural specialists that surpasses what is ordinarily found in water. This causes a huge threat to human health and to the environment. In majority of the time, human activities lead to water pollution. â€Å"All water pollution happens in one of two ways: via non-point or point systems. Non-point pollution comes from indirect sources, like agricultural runoff, mining waste, paved roads, and industrial activity.â₠¬  (Copeland, 2017) HavingRead MorePollution And Its Effects On The Environment1509 Words   |  7 PagesPollution happens when chemicals and other outside substances leech into the ground, air and water. These pollutants contain poisons that adversely affect environments and the living animals inside of them. Although natural well being and security gatherings work to build attention to the threat contamination presents, if contamination proceeds at its present rate, the future impacts could crush to human populaces and the earth. .Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed through ordinary

Irish History and Economy Essay - 2398 Words

The â€Å"New Ireland† emerged in the 1990s’ when the country experienced an economic-cultural boom in which it was transformed from one of Europes poorer countries into one of its wealthiest. In the 1990s the socioeconomic prosperity that spread across the country found its origins in the evolution from a subsistence economy to a market economy. It was at the end of the 1950s when the Irish economy moved its first steps in condition of normal political stability and, new polices and plans were introduced and implemented to transform an Ireland that based her economy on rural and agriculture industries, to a country able to create high standard of living, consumer goods, and†¦show more content†¦The main industries targeted were: Health care, pharmaceuticals and chemicals; Electronics and engineering; Financial services and telemarketing; Software, data-processing and international services; in addition to that the Irish government provided an export subsidy policy so that Ireland developed itself into a strong international trade country establishing as the largest exporter of software-related goods and services in the world along with organic chemicals, electron ic telecommunication equipment and pharmaceutical products. Export played a fundamental role in the states robust growth, but the economy also benefited from the accompanying rise in consumer spending, construction, and business investment. In 2003 overseas companies accounted for 51% of Ireland’s exports generated more than â‚ ¬14 Billion of expenditure in the economy, directly employing nearly 140 000 people. The increasing of FDI (foreign direct investment), ensured the diversification of Irish exports into European markets, reducing the dependence on Britain so that a greater volume of exports went to European Community countries ratherShow MoreRelatedIrish Famine Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Irish Potato Famine was a period of starvation, disease and emigration, and was known as one of the biggest tragedies from 1845 to 1847. Many people depended on potato crops to survive; however [comma] the potato crops acquired blight, a disease that caused the potatoes to rot while still in the ground. No good crops could be grown for two years [comma] causing Irish tenant farmers unable to pay rent and was forced off their land causing over 21,000 people to die of starvation. The Irish PotatoRead MoreEssay about The Great Potato Famine1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Potato Famine The Great Potato Famine is characterized as one of the leading disasters in Ireland’s history. It began in the summer of 1845 with the appearance of an unusual disease growing on potato crops throughout various parts of Europe. With the spread of this disease, it soon targeted Ireland consuming the major crop of potatoes. The famine began by this mysterious disease that hit many parts of Europe during 1845. 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Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd for Companies Act- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd for Companies Act. Answer: Introduction of Case- An organization is an association of group of individuals who work together in order to attain some motive whether it be economic or social. No legalities and technologies can be attached to its meaning. An organization should make its registration under the Companies Act, 2013. An organization can be defined as a group of individuals who make contribution of funds and employ these funds towards business activity and also shares the loss and profit according to the contract signed by them. There are various features of organization under the Companies Act, 2013- Independence- An organization has a distinct identity from its directors, owners and employees and carries out its business activities after complying with all the legal requirements of incorporation. Perpetual- An organization has a succession on the perpetual basis and is considered as an artificial person. This states that the organization will continue its business to infinite period of time as it does not get affected by death and inefficiency of the directors to perform and because of any other event (Hayne, 2014). Common seal- The organization is an artificial person, therefore agents of the organization work on its behalf. The agents of the organization enter into a contract by the common seal of the organization. Liability- The liability of the members of the organization is limited. As, the organization has a separate legal entity therefore the organization is responsible for the repayment of debts and not the members and owners of the organization. The family of Kinsela was doing the business of funeral and also was shareholders in different organizations in addition to the directors. The organization was effectively carrying out their business. The organization was involved in the business of providing claim of insurance in respect to the cost incurred on the funeral of their customer. The organization was receiving amount from clients and in order to this the organization used to provide funeral for free. But after a period of span, the organization incurred severe liabilities and thus losses were increased. Funeral Act 1979 was introduced in order to safeguard the creditors interest. When the organization was suffering losses, Kinsela family thought that they should continue their business in spite of all the losses. They thought of giving it lease for the time period of 3 years. But, In April the organization thought to wind up their business because of increase in liabilities (Langford, 2011). The reason behind increase in liabilities and huge losses of the organization is that the directors were not able to work in a proper manner and were unable to maintain funds for the organization. The duty of directors of the organization was to solve all the conflicts before winding up the operations of the organization and the organization should pay proper amount to their contributors if there is joint petition of winding up has been signed up by the creditors and contributories of the organization. The directors of the organization should look after the proper payment of funds to the creditors which were due to them. The liability of the organization has been raised at the time when the organization has give lease on the least market value and this the organization has dissolved (Koh and Oh, 2015). At the time of liquidation of the organization, the lease was being challenged as the director was not being able to pay to the creditors and other members. The duties and responsibilities breached and the reasons behind it- The organization is an artificial person so it does not make decisions and cannot enter into contract on its own like a natural living individual. The agents act on the behalf of the organization and enter into contract on behalf of organization through common seal. Therefore the director is responsible to act in a proper manner for the benefit of shareholders and other stakeholders. Directors can be described as trustees, employees or as a part of the organization. The directors of the organization should work with diligence and with proper care. Directors are the trustees of the organization and should carry make proper transaction of the funds. There are various duties of directors- As an employee- The directors are considered as an employee of the organization and has a position same as the employee in the organization. The directors can make some financial incentive as like any other employee from the organization. This creates a relationship of master and servant between the directors and the organization. The organization possesses full control over the activities of the directors. This can be drawn from the instance of Normandy V India Coope. As a Managing partner- It can be also considered as partnership business. A director has some interest in the organization as a partner. Therefore directors work for the benefit of the organization. As trustee- A trustee can be considered as an individual who hold the property for another individual on basis of trust. The directors are the trustees to the organization (Redmond,2012). As an Agent- Directors are also works as an agent of the organization. The organization act with the help of their directors. When any contract is made by the directors on behalf of the organization than the organization is held liable and not the directors. In this particular case study, the director as an agent and as a trustee of the organization was unable to meet with their duties and obligations. The directors have breached their duties and also did not carry their duties towards the creditors of the organization. Shares of the organization are transferable and moveable as mentioned in the articles of association. This states that the shareholders have right to transfer or dispose of the shares which they are having. The directors are trustees of the organization and have a fiduciary duty towards the organization. In this case study the directors were not able to perform in suitable manner and the idea of improvisation lead towards increment in liabilities and losses. From this case it can be analyzed that the organization was having huge liabilities and losses. So, it becomes quite impossible to carry out the business activities for the organization. Therefore the director will be held liable for the mismanagement in the business activities as they had a fiduciary duty towards the organization (Zahid and Ali, 2011). The directors cannot be held liable for the doings of third parties bur are liable for all the cats of the organization. From this case it can be analyzed that the company can be held liable for all the fraudulent practices and also sale of the assets of the organization at a lesser value than the market price. Analyze the tribunal decision and the reason for the decision in view of the Corporations Act in Australia- Section 425 of the companies Act 2002 states two ways of winding up of the organization i.e. winding up by court or tribunal and winding up on a voluntary basis. There are various ways of winding up of the organizations. The company can be wound up if a special resolution has been passed. If the organization has made any default in carrying of the statutory meetings and the organization has not started its business activities within the stipulated time period. The organization can also be wound if it is unable to meet its debt and liabilities. From this case it can be analyzed that the organization was having huge liabilities and losses. So, it becomes quite impossible to carry out the business activities for the organization. The directors did not perform their duties and also not able to make repayment of debts and this is because the case has came into the court. The reason behind winding up of the organization is its inability to pay the debts. The winding up of the organization should take place by the liquidator as appointed by the court under Sec 488 of the act of companies (Keay, 2015). The liquidator as appointed by court should carry out all the duties at the time of winding up as directed by the tribunal or court. Sec 457 states the powers of the liquidators in the event of winding up. The liquidator has power of making definition of suit, to sell the property of the organization whether moveable or immoveable, to make loans and also to make inspection of the records of the organization. It is found that at the time of the formulation of lease the organization was facing various financial crises and landing the organization towards liquidation. Therefore, the directors of the organization were under a duty towards creditors to make them payments but this duty was breached by the directors when the lease was made (Humphery-Jenner, 2014). This lease was made by the directors in order to make asset of the organization out of the reach of the creditors of the organization and this will lead towards nonpayment to creditors. This was a fraudulent activity carried out by the directors. When a company went in to the proceedings of winding up then always interests of the creditors got arise. The creditors become entitled to deal with the assets of the organization if the process of liquidation has been started and the creditors also has the power to get the payments before shareholders and the directors. The assets of the organization were used by the directors for their own benefit. It was stated that the lease was not ultra vires and also void as it exceeded the capacity of the organization. When the directors made lease, it can be clearly identified that there was breach of duty by the directors and this lead towards inefficiency to the creditors in terms of making payment (Keay, 2015). This can be stated that it is a voidable action by the organization and which the organization has to avoid it. The court stated that in various situations the directors duty extended to the corporate social responsibility and not limited to only the interests of the shareholders. The court emphasized that the directors of the organization should consider the interests of the shareholders and the creditors. If, the directors failed to do so than they can face various adverse results. The tribunal decision was that the director had acted in breach of their duties and their conduct was fraudulent in respect to creditors. In the process of liquidation this was decided that the asset of the organization should be the asset of the shareholder and creditors which was correct in many sense (Hargovan and Harris,2013). The relevance of the decision in development of Australian corporations law and the impact of the decision on the operation of companies in Australia- In a case of Parke v. Daily News which was decided in the year 1961. In this case there was a dismissal of the statement and argument that the directors had a duty towards the employees of the company and also had a duty towards the shareholder of the organization as they have invested funds in the organization. But, in the case of Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd (in liq) (1986) the court has developed greater corporate responsibility for the directors of the organization. The duties of directors have been extended to customers, society, employees and shareholders. The duties of the directors have become more apparent after this case. After this case, the argument was raised the courts should extend the liabilities and duties of the directors of the organizations from the traditional system which was prevalent. The directors duties should be extend to the serious problems of the interests in the organization. The directors of the organization should consider the interests of the cr editors in the limits of benefits of the organization (Keay, 2005). When some duties are identified by the directors than there are possibilities that such duty can raise a conflict with the duties that are owed by the directors of the organization in respect to the shareholders and various other stakeholders. References: Hargovan, A., Harris, J. (2013). For whom the bell tolls: Directors' duties to creditors after bell.Sydney L. Rev.,35, 433. Hayne, K. M. (2014). Directors' duties and a company's creditors.Melb. UL Rev.,38, 795. Humphery-Jenner, M. (2014). Barristers Operating as Corporations.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,14(1), 277-286. Keay, A. (2005). Wrongful trading and the liability of company directors: a theoretical perspective.Legal Studies,25(3), 431-461. Keay, A. (2015). Directors negotiating and contracting in the wake of their companies financial distress.Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation,1(3), 214-230. Keay, A. (2015). The shifting of directors' duties in the vicinity of insolvency.International Insolvency Review,24(2), 140-164. Keay, A. R. (2015). Challenging Payments Made by Insolvent and Near Insolvent Companies.Nottingham Insolvency and Business Law e-Journal,3, 215-228. Koh, J., Oh, E. (2015). Re-Examining Bondholders' Rights in Exchange Offers.Bus. L. Int'l,16, 119. Langford, R. T. (2011). The Duty of Directors to Act Bona Fide in the Interests of the Company: A Positive Fiduciary Duty? Australia and the UK Compared.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,11(1), 215-242. Mayanja, J. (2014). Clarifying the Object of Directors' Endeavors: What Australia Can Learn from the United Kingdom.UNSWLJ,37, 874. Redmond, P. (2012). Directors' duties and corporate social responsiveness.UNSWLJ,35, 317. Zahid, A., Ali, H. M. (2011). Director's Obligations towards Creditors under the CSR Regime: Common Law versus Islamic Principles.US-China Law Review,8, 981.

Theories of Urban Planning for Neo-Liberal - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTheories of Urban Planning for Neo-Liberal Planning. Answer: Introduction Planning is crucial in urban development and in a country at large. Planning has often been described as rational by many planners. The rationality of a plan, however, can vary from one project to another. Theory-of-planning deals with the manner in which decisions are made and implemented. On the other hand, theory-for-planning is concerned with the role played by the process of planning in the society. Urban planning is concerned primarily with urban reforms, and it addresses various issues with the aim of sustainable development (Klosterman, p. 95). Different urban planning theories give divergent views on the planning process. This paper, therefore discusses how Rational-comprehensive Planning Theory and Neo-liberal Planning Theory explores the issue of urban planning. Rational-comprehensive Planning Theory After the Second World War, more focus was directed towards urban planning. Rational-comprehensive theory, which is grounded on a normative model (Naess, p. 511) usually holds high rationality values, particularly during various political and organizational pressures. The origin of this theory is attributed to Augustine Comte who applied hierarchical rules to solving social problems. The theory was thereby adopted by Talcott Parsons and Max Webber and became popular during 1950s and 1960s. They argued that rationalization process transforms the world into a better place and also, introduces new practices that the society could choose from based on their efficiency. Features of Rational-comprehensive Theory Rationality The concept of rationality has an enormous influence on policy analysis during the planning process (Hoch, p. 31). It focuses on achieving a methodological thinking during policy making resulting in alternative strategies which can be implemented hence enhancing planning process. The theory gives the planner different options from which the decision makers can choose and apply in societal development. The aspect of rationality is coupled with cognitive skills, aesthetic understanding, and administrative expertise. Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness involves analyzation of all rational alternatives identified. It focuses on providing solutions that benefit all the groups in the society. The more the planner analyses the problem comprehensively, the higher the chances of getting a better plan. Neo-liberal planning The concept of neoliberalism has received much attention from analysts, planners, critics, and planners. It is linked to economic liberalization that started in the 1970s. Neoliberalism planning advocates for economic liberalization as well as policies that give the private sector powers and authority over the public sector. According to Neoliberal, the government and the state have no power over the society and economy (Thorsen, p. 188). It focuses on the acquisition of maximum capital at whichever cost- the laissez-faire capitalism. Features of neoliberalism Corporate globalization Neoliberalism encourages globalization of different corporations (Gleeson and Low, p. 269). Institutions such as the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have a significant role to play in neoliberalism planning process. These organizations, thereby become a big contributor to social and urban development. Economic liberalization Neoliberalism focuses on making policies aimed at economic liberalization. Increasing the role played by the private sector is their key objective while shutting the public sector out. It advocates for various policies such as; privatization, deregulation, free trade, and austerity. During the 1980s and 90s, Australia embraced the neoliberal economic policies which saw the government privatize several state corporations, reduce trade protection, float the Australian dollar, and deregulate the factor markets. Similarities and differences between Rational-comprehensive and Neo-liberal theories These two approaches aimed at achieving change in urban development through effective planning, management, and sustainability policies. Though they differ in the implementation of the planning process, their goal is to achieve a sustained development in the society and the economy at large. Rational-comprehensive theory, emphasis on inductive reasoning where it focuses on providing development for the whole community. It, therefore, employs an analytic and positivist nature. On the other hand, neoliberalism focuses on a particular sector at the advantage of another. The neoliberalism does not offer an opportunity for a radical planner to plan for urban development through social change and social justice. However, the rational-comprehensive theory gives radical planners a chance to choose from various alternative options and hence make the best decision. Outward urban sprawl Urban sprawl occurs when human populations move outwards from the city or centers to low-density populated areas. The process leads to environmental issues such as disruption of the ecosystem, destroying of habitats, and biodiversity reduction (Fitriani and Harris, p. 10) As the population increases, the rate of pollution as well as sewage disposal becomes worse. Urban sprawl has become a big issue in various Metropolitan regions such as the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Region. Melbourne city also is not an exception, and in fact, it remains to be the most affected region in Australia together with Brisbane and Perth due to the high rate of population growth. Comprehensive-rational and neoliberalism planning on outward urban sprawl Sprawl typically occurs as a result of market failure. Therefore, urban sprawl is not an outcome of efficient urban development pattern (Hostovsky, p. 383). The rational-comprehensive planning formulates goals and objectives before undertaking any step. It also determines consequences that can occur and alternatives to be adopted. Therefore, this theory would encourage the government, real estate developers, and individuals to take into account various costs of social congestion, the value of open space, public costs infrastructure, and other market forces. Neoliberalism, on the other hand, aims at achieving a liberal economy. As such, it would focus on improving the market, and the economy of the population since neoliberal policies have unique, highly specific environmental impact (Castree, p. 9). Conclusion Effective and efficient planning is vital for the development of a country. Rational-comprehensive planning is the best paradigm to be adopted by planners for decision-making. It offers a rational approach to finding solutions for a problem. It takes into account various variables thereby delivering the best solution. Neoliberalism, on the other hand, advocates for economic liberalization. Application of these theories in real life situations such as in outward urban sprawl can help prevent advanced consequences and in turn, lead to urban development. References Castree, N., 2006. From neoliberalism to neoliberalisation: consolations, confusions, and necessary illusions. Environment and Planning A, 38(1), pp.1-6. Fitriani, R. and Harris, M., 2011, February. The Extent of Sprawl in the Fringe of Jakarta Metropolitan Area from The Perspective of Externalities. In 2011 Conference (55th), February (pp. 8-11). Gleeson, B. and Low, N., 2000. 1s Planning History? Urban Planning in a Changing World: The Twentieth Century Experience, p.269. Hoch, C., 2007. Making plans: Representation and intention. Planning Theory, 6(1), pp.16-35. Hostovsky, C., 2006. The paradox of the rational comprehensive model of planning: tales from waste management planning in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(4), pp.382-395. Klosterman, R.E., 2003. Arguments for and against planning. Readings in planning theory, pp.86-101. Naess, P., 2001. Urban planning and sustainable development. European Planning Studies, 9(4), pp.503-524. Thorsen, D.E., 2010. The Neoliberal Challenge-What is Neoliberalism. Contemp. Readings L. Soc. Just., 2, p.188.